Caveat emptor - Let the buyer beware! Good advice, whether you're buying a used car or dealing with highend commercial property. Case in point: Capitol Square, an attractive 27-story, 400,000-sq ft office tower located in downtown Columbus, Ohio ( right photo). Built in 1982, Capitol Square and its electrical system served its early occupants well. Until, that is, growing loads and some false economizing taken at the time of construction caught up with the original system.
By the time the firm of Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) took over management of the property for its owner in 1998, the old wiring system had begun to cause noticeable problems. Noah Gens, JLL's vice president for leasing and management, recalls: I could count on it. The problem would begin on the 27th floor. Every Friday afternoon, a fuse would blow or a breaker would trip at around 2:00 pm, and all lines that were fed from that floor would lose one of the three phases. We'd have to take part of the building down and, because of the way it's wired, maybe half the building would be down for several hours.
Growing loads were part of the problem. The building was constructed for a power load of 3 W/sq ft, explains Gens. Today, we have a tenant who wants 8 W/sq ft for general- service loads (including computers) and 4.5 W/sq ft for heating and lighting.
Another problem was lack of control over electrical work performed under earlier building management companies. According to Ken Kuzma, JLL's property manager and chief engineer, The original electrical contractor was out of business, and several other contractors had done work under previous owners. Some tenants brought in their own electricians and never told facilities management what they'd done, so we had to start solving the problems from scratch.
First Step: System Audit
JLL, one of the world's leading real estate services and investment management organizations, wanted a thorough audit of the building's electrical infrastructure. Another JLL client recommended PowerEdge Technologies, Inc. a Canton, Ohio-based consulting and engineering firm with a reputation for solving power quality issues. PowerEdge sent Tim Cookson, an electrical engineer and a certified power quality specialist. Cookson went over Capitol Square's electrical system from top to bottom. The discrepancies he discovered can be found in many older
buildings maybe yours.
Cookson describes the system: Capitol Square has three 480-V substations: two at 3,000 A and one at 4,000 A. The two smaller feeds are used to supply low-voltage service in the building: one for floors 116 and one for floors 1727. The problems with tripping breakers and open fuses occurred on the upper-floor service, so that's where we started work, but we also found problems on the lower floors.
Low-voltage service to the upper floors, designated as service #2, is supplied by a 1,350 A/480-V copper bus duct from the basement to the 27th floor ( Figures 1 and 2). There, it feeds a 300-kVA step-down transformer that supplies 208Y/120-V service back down to floors 17 through 27 ( Figure 3). The transformer was overheating so badly that building maintenance had to set up a large fan to cool it.
Feeders from the transformer to the floors below were wired with 4/0 aluminum. The aluminum conductor wasn't supported with wedges, as required, but that was just one of several problems. The 208Y/120-V service is three-phase, to which someone had apparently added an AWG #6 copper equipment grounding conductor as an afterthought because the green wire was run outside the conduit ( Figure 4). Equipment grounding conductors are required to be installed in the same conduit as circuit conductors.
Transitions from aluminum to copper on floors 17 through 26 were made improperly ( Figure 5), and many of the connections were loose. We picked up a lot of hot spots when we checked the panels with our infrared (IR) scanner. The loose connections caused voltage to drop to as low as 102 V on the upper floors during peak loading. The upper floor feeders were fused at 140 A, which is consistent with the aluminum wire originally installed, but when fuses kept opening, someone simply increased the fuse size to 200 A!
Breaker cabinets on floors 17 through 26 also contained improper neutral-ground connections ( Figure 6). Compounding this Code violation, someone had added a connection from all the N-G busses to building steel.
As you'd expect, we found high currents on the grounding system in several locations: 17.8 A on service #1, 8.6 A on #2 and 23 A on #3. The 500-kVA transformer in the basement had 33 A of current on the grounding electrode conductor, and the 300-kVA transformer on the 27th floor registered 95 A (at 120 V) on the improper neutral-to-ground bond.We also measured unusually high differences in current draw on parallel aluminum conductors leading from the 27thfloor 300-kVA transformer; as high as 62 A on phase A, 108 A on phase B and 29 A on phase C. That was clear evidence of poor (high resistance) aluminum connections at the transformer and/or switchboard. We also found that improper grounding and bonding methods had been used in the transformer. Both the grounding electrode conductor and the neutral- ground connection had been made to a painted surface inside the transformer case ( Figure 7). Painted surfaces offer questionable resistance and reliability, the last things you'd want at a grounding connection. And, neutral-ground bonds belong at the service entrance or at a separately derived source (transformer), nowhere else.
Low-voltage service to floors 1 through 16 was in better shape than that on floors 1727. For one thing, they were all copper. But we discovered that the original contractor had cut some corners, even on the service to the lower floors. The #1 low-voltage service was brought up in six risers. On the south wing side, 500-kcmil copper fused at 300 A had been run up to the sixth floor. But then, the feeder size was reduced to 300-kcmil for supplying the same floors on the north wing. The feeder size was reduced yet again for floors 7 through 11 and 12 through 16, where 2/0 (175-A fuse) risers were installed. When I see a situation like that, I suspect the builder was trying to reduce costs as the project went along. It's really false economy, because cutting corners doesn't leave any margin for error, and that was exactly what happened at Capitol Square.
Cookson found that the building's grounding system consisted of a connection to the utility ground and another one to an interior water pipe ( Figure 8). No connection had been made to the main water service. The interior water pipe connection was questionable, because the meter hadn't been jumpered as required by Code. The building also had a socalled isolated ground (IG); so-called in that it was connected directly to building steel on all floors, so it wasn't isolated at all. Like any modern office tower, Capitol Square contains a lot of computers and other sensitive equipment that need good grounding. It didn't have it.
Back to TopSafety and Grounding Fixed First
JLL told us that safety and grounding issues would be our top priority, said Cookson. So the first thing we did was have JLL's new electrical contractor remove that 4/0 aluminum and replace it with copper. Making that change increased feeder capacity to 200 A. Using 4/0 copper also meant he didn't have to go to larger conduit, which would have made this a much more expensive retrofit. The new copper even left us enough room in the existing conduit to pull a full-sized 4/0 green wire for the 3-phase service and, while we were at it, install a true isolated ground (IG) conductor leading directly back to the neutral-ground bond point at the source, as it should.We also called for two new 100-A breaker cabinets at each floor for the tenant who wanted 8 W/sq ft. The cabinets use bolt-in type circuit breakers with copper busses and terminal bars. Since we were now working with copper conductors, reliable bonds could be made inside the cabinets ( Figure 9). We corrected the poor connections at the transformer and eliminated the imbalanced parallel-phase currents. Improper neutral-ground bonds were removed. The 300-kVA transformer now runs at an acceptable temperature.
We had the contractor drive a low-resistance ground rod at the service entrance, bonding it to the new neutral-ground bus connections. We also bonded the grounding system to the main water service and jumpered the meter and main valve assemblies. Lastly, we bonded the grounding system to building steel. When the contractor finished work, Capitol Square had a low-resistance, better-than-Code-minimum grounding system.
Finally, we turned our attention to the 4,000-A service, which runs directly to the 27th floor via a 4,000-A/480-V copper bus. It powers the chillers, HVAC system and motor control center. There is a transfer switch to the emergency bus since this service also powers safety equipment, like emergency lighting, fire alarms and fire pump, along with the low-rise and high-rise elevators. The 480-V service running back down the building had also been wired with AWG 4/0 aluminum. The aluminum was obviously overloaded because we found evidence of damaged insulation at the chiller disconnect switch ( Figure 10). The aluminum is being replaced with 4/0 copper.Back to Top
More to Come
The retrofit isn't finished yet. Cookson continues to monitor breaker panels for hot spots, and he periodically checks and records loads at the transformers. He hasn't detected one sign of trouble so far, and those annoying outages have stopped completely. Perhaps even more important, Cookson is now writing a power management document for the entire building. It will contain specifications requiring permits for all electrical work by outside contractors. All prints must be submitted to JLL and approved before work begins.
Specifications will also include power factor and harmonicscontrol requirements. And, says Cookson, they will call for 100% copper conductors and listed copper lugs and connectors whenever any new circuits are installed. The specifications could become a model for other properties managed by JLL.
Are Gens and Kuzma pleased with the retrofit? Absolutely! says Gens. We haven't had a breaker trip or a fuse open since the retrofit. Power costs are down, our tenants are happy, and Ken and I can finally look forward to Friday afternoon.
The Principals
- Noah B. Gens is vice president, leasing and management, for Jones Lang LaSalle™, whose investment management business is one of the world's largest, with more than $20 billion under management. Additional information about Jones Lang LaSalle can be found at their Web site. Mr. Gens can be reached at (614) 464-2677 and at [email protected].
- Kenneth Kuzma is property manager/ senior chief engineer, leasing and management, Jones Lang LaSalle. Along with Mr. Gens, he has had primary responsibility for correcting deficiencies in Capitol Square's electrical and grounding systems since JLL assumed management of the building in 1998. Mr. Kuzma can be reached at (614) 464-2677 and at [email protected].
- Tim Cookson CPQ, PAE, is a senior electrical engineer with PowerEdge Technologies, Inc., a Canton, Ohio based firm specializing in power quality issues, including power quality and power management surveys, harmonic assessments, grounding and electrical system testing, operating environment assessments and site planning services for sensitive electronic equipment. The company also provides educational services to industrial, trade and educational organizations. For further information about PowerEdge Technologies and its services, call (330) 494-7314, fax (330) 494-7750 or visit their Web site.