A Copper Alliance Member
References
CONTENTS
- General properties
- Fabrication
- Corrosion
- Biofouling
- Aquaculture
- Boat Hulls
- Brake Tubing
- Condensers and Heat Exchangers
- Desalination
- Offshore Sheathing
- Seawater Pipework
- Coinage
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General Properties
- Copper Nickel Alloys - Properties and Applications, Joint Publication of the Copper Development Association (UK) and the Nickel Development Institute, TN 30
- CDA UK Publication No 118. 90-10 Copper-Nickel. 1997.
- CDA UK Publication TN 31 90/10 and 70/30 Alloys Technical Data
- German Copper Institute Booklet: Copper nickel alloys; Properties, Processing, Application English translation
- C.D.S Tuck, High Strength Copper Nickels, Langley Alloys, UK, 2008
- Mechanical Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures.CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 144/8 R
- Low Temperature Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 104/5
Fabrication
- R.E. Avery. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.-Joining Copper Nickel Alloys 1992
- Copper-Nickel Fabrication: handling, welding, properties, resistance to corrosion and biofouling, important applications. Published by CDA Inc. as A7020-XX/99. NiDI as Publication No. 12014 and CDA UK as Publication No 139
- Machining Brass, Copper and its Alloys. CDA Publication TN 44
- Fabrication of Copper Nickel Pipework. KME Publication M. Jasner, Brazil March 1997
- CDA Inc Application Data Sheet.Welding Copper-Nickel Clad Steel
- CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 701/5.. Brazed Copper Nickel Piping Systems
- German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no. i.3. Soldering and brazing of Copper and Copper Alloys. (Loeten von Kupfer and Kupferlegierungen). (In German.)
- German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no i.12 . Welding of Copper Alloys (Schweissen von Kupferlegierungen). (In German)
- German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no i.18. Guide values for machining copper and copper alloys. (Richwerte fuer die spanende bearbeitung von Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen) (In German)
- C.D.S Tuck, High Strength Copper Nickels, Langley Alloys, UK, 2008
Corrosion
- C. Kapsalis, G. Schmitt, R. Feser, B. Sagebiel, S. Wilmes, M. Macziek. New Investigations on Critical Wall Shear Stresses of CuNi Alloys in Natural and Artificial Seawater. Eurocorr 2011. Stockholm, Sweden.
- R.E Melchers. Temperature Effect on Sea Water Immersion Corrosion of 90:10 Copper Nickel Alloy. Corrosion Vol 57 No 5. p440-451. 2001. NACE International (©NACE)
- S. Friedrich and M.Langer. Ways towards an accelerated formation of protective layers on CuNi 90/10 in artificial seawater. Paper 1089. Eurocorr 2007. Freiburg.
- H. Le Guyader, A.M.Grolleau and V.Debout. Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys in Natural Seawater and Polluted Seawater. Paper 1264 Eurocorr 2007. Freiburg.
- W. Schleich, R. Feser and W Siedlarek. Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper Nickel Alloy CuNi 90/10 in Chlorinated Seawater Under Stagnating Conditions. Paper 7261 Corrosion 2007 (©NACE)
- C.A. Powell Copper Nickel Alloys-Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems 1992
- C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 (©NACE)
- M.S. Parvizi, A. Aladjem and J.E. Castle, "Behavior of 90-10 Cupronickel in Sea Water,' International Material Reviews, 33 4 (1988) pp 164-199
- K.D. Efird and D. Anderson, Seawater Corrosion of 90-10 and 70-30 Copper Nickel Alloys - 14 Year Exposure, Materials Performance, (141) (1975)
- W.W. Kirk, T.S. Lee and R.O. Lewis, Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments, Paper 16, April 1985
- A.H. Tuthill, Guidelines for the Use of Copper Alloys in Seawater, Materials Performance, 26 9 (1987) pp 12-22.(CDA Inc Publication 788/8 and Nickel Development Institute Publication12003)
- P.T. Gilbert, Corrosion Resisting Properties of 90/10 Copper-Nickel-Iron Alloys with Particular Reference to Offshore Oil and Gas Applications, British Corrosion Journal, 14 1 (1979) pp 20-25
- G. Wildsmith, Copper Nickel Sea water Piping Systems. Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel London. Institute of Materials, pp 65-71(1988)
- M. Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckmann. KME Publication. Osnabruck. The Behaviour of CuNi 90/10 vs 6Mo Superaustenitic and Superduplex Steels in Marine Environments (2000)
- K. D. Efird ,The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Metals in Seawater, Materials Performance, Vol 15, No 4, pp 16-25, April 1976.
- R.W.Ross The effect of sea water Composition on corrosion of Cu-Ni-Fe alloys at Elevated Temperatures. Corrosion 77. NACE. Paper No. 94. San Francisco, March 1977
- German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no s. 176. Corrosion properties of copper materials. ( Grubndlegende korrosionschemische Eigenschaften von Kupferwerkstoffen) (In German)
- R. Francis. Galvanic Corrosion. A Practical Guide for Engineers. Published by NACE International. 2001
- C.D.S Tuck, High Strength Copper Nickels, Langley Alloys, UK, 2008
- C. Pearson. Role of Iron in the Inhibition of Corrosion of Marine Heat Exchangers. British Corrosion Journal. March 1972. Vol 7; p61-68
- W Schleich.Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004.
- W.Schleich. Application of Copper-Nickel Alloy UNS C70600 for Seawater Service. Paper 5222 Corrosion 2005. (©NACE)
- C.D.S. Tuck. The Development of Very High Strength Copper Alloys with Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking. Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas.(©NACE) April 2005
- Review of BNF Studies of the Effect of Chlorine and Pollutants on the Corrosion of Copper Alloy Condenser Tubes. R. Francis and H. Campbell. EFC Marine Corrosion Workshop, Eurocorr 2008.
- The Influence of Corrosion and Fouling on Steam Condenser Performance. Michels, Kirk and Tuthill. J. Materials for Energy Systems. ASM. Vol.1 Dec 1979
- D.H Thomson Materials Research Standard. Vol 1, p108, 1961
- J.M. Popplewell. The effect of iron on the stress corrosion resistance of 90/10 cupro-nickel in ammoniacal environment. Corrosion Science 1973, Vol 13 pp 593-603
- Carl J. Gaffoglio. A New Copper Nickel Alloy for Utility Condenser Tubes. Power Engineering. 1982, p 60-62
- Tuthill, B. Todd, J. Oldfield. Experience with Copper Nickel Alloy Tubing, Water boxes and Piping in MSF Desalination Plants. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Paper No 73. Vol. III p251. Madrid. October 1997
- UK Ministry of Defence Standard 02-781 Issue 2-Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea water systems. May 2009
- Review of BNF Studies of the Effect of Chlorine and Pollutants on the Corrosion of Copper Alloy Condenser Tubes. R. Francis and H. Campbell. EFC Marine Corrosion Workshop, Eurocorr 2008.
- Lt G.J.E. Nicklin RN, MoD, UK. Living with the Threat of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Submarine Sea Water Systems-the Royal Navy Perspective.© British Crown Copyright 2008/MOD 9th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2008) April 2008 Hamburg.
- H. Le Guyader, A.M.Grolleau and V.Debout. Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys in Natural Seawater and Polluted Seawater. Paper 1264 Eurocorr 2007. Freiburg.
- H.P.Hack and J.P.Gudas. Inhibition of Sulphide Induced Corrosion with a Simulated Iron Anode. Materials Performance April 1980 p49-54
- B.C.Syrett, Sulfide Attack in Steam Surface Condensers. Proceedings of Second Int. Conf. On Environmental Degradation of Engineering. Materials in an Aggressive Environments pp 3-14 (1981)
- G.. Gehring, R Foster and B Syrett. Effect of Sulfide on the Corrosion and Protection of Seawater Cooled Condenser alloys Corrosion 83. Paper 76
- H.P. Hack and J.P. Gudas. Inhibtion of Sulphide-Induced Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Alloys with Ferrous Sulphate. Materials Performance. 1979. p25-28
- H.P. Hack and T. Lee. The Effect of Ferrous Sulphate on Sulfide Induced Corrosion of Copper Base Condenser Alloys in Aerated Seawater. Second Symposium of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. Proceedings. Material and Metalworking technical Series. ASM 1982
- W Schleich.Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004.
- J.P. Gudas and H.P.Hack. Parametric Evaluation of Susceptibility of Cu-Ni Alloy to Sulphide Induced Corrosion in Sea water. Corrosion Vol 35, No 6, June 1979
- C. Kapsalis, G. Schmitt, R. Feser, B. Sagebiel, S. Wilmes, M.Macziek. New Investigations on Critical Wall Shear Stresses of CuNi Alloys in Natural and Artificial Seawater. Eurocorr 2011. Stockholm, Sweden.
- W.Schleich, R.Feser, G.Schmitt, K. Schnier, T.Gommilich and S.Gunter. Effect of Seawater Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CuNi90/10. Paper 08231,Corrosion 2008, New Orleans.(©NACE)
- W. Schleich. Effect of Sea Water Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of 90/10CuNi. Paper 1182. Eurocorr 2007
- W. Kirk, Evaluation of Critical Seawater Hydrodynamic Effects of Erosion Corrosion of CuNi, INCRA Report 396, 1987
- K.D. Efird. Effect of Fluid Dynamics on the Corrosion of Copper Base Alloys. Corrosion. NACE Vol 33 No 1 January 1977
- British Standard, BS MA 18. Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships
- CuNi 90/10 Piping, the Optimum Material for Sea water Service.W. Beckmann, M Hecht, .M.Jasner, K.Steinkemp. Institute of Materials, Kuala Lumpur. Fabrication Technology. Corrosion 2001. October 2001. Available as KME Publication
- V Debout, A Grolleau, H Le Guyader, J- P Pautasso and J Blanc. Corrosion properties of copper nickel alloys in chlorinated sea water. Eurocorr 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
- W. Schleich, R. Feser and W Siedlarek. Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper Nickel Alloy CuNi 90/10 in Chlorinated Seawater Under Stagnating Conditions. Paper 7261 Corrosion 2007 (©NACE)
- W.Schleich, R.Feser, G.Schmitt, K. Schnier, T.Gommilich and S.Gunter. Effect of Seawater Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CuNi90/10. Paper 08231,Corrosion 2008, New Orleans.(©NACE)
- C. Kapsalis, G. Schmitt, R. Feser, B. Sagebiel, S. Wilmes, M. Macziek. New Investigations on Critical Wall Shear Stresses of CuNi Alloys in Natural and Artificial Seawater. Eurocorr 2011. Stockholm, Sweden.
- Review of BNF Studies of the Effect of Chlorine and Pollutants on the Corrosion of Copper Alloy Condenser Tubes. R. Francis and H. Campbell. EFC Marine Corrosion Workshop, Eurocorr 2008.
Corrosion General
Corrosion - Ammonia
Corrosion - Localised
Corrosion - Sand
Corrosion - Sulfides
Corrosion - Velocity Effects
Corrosion - Chlorination
Biofouling
- E.D.B Jones,G. Blunn, R. Fletcher. The Immobilization of Copper by Marine Fouling Organisms. INCRA report 332. December 1986
- C.Powell and H.Michels. Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure. Eurocorr 2006. Maastricht
- Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003
- CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Copper Nickel Alloys; Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling 1992
- W.W. Kirk, T.S. Lee and R.O. Lewis, Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments, Paper 16, April 1985
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review,C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 (©NACE)
- R.A. Perkins and D.L. Marsh, Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Final Report on INCRA Project 376, August 1990
- K.E.J. Miller, Copper-Nickel Composites for Long-Term Anti-Fouling: A Review of Recent Applications, Proceedings of the Conference on Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, p. 95 (London, England: The Institute of Metals, 1988).
- J.W. Brockbank, Avonclad-a Flexible Neoprene/Copper-Nickel Material for Long Term Antifouling; a Review of Manufacturing, Tests and Recent Installations, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London, Published Institute of Materials, April 1988.
- S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Thirteen Year Results of Long-Term Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling Studies, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 358, June 1998 S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Splash Zone Corrosion of C70600 After Ten Years Exposure in an Oceanfront Environment, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 399, June, 1998
- CDA Publication 157. Preventing Biofouling with Copper Nickel.2002
- C.A. Powell. Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance of Copper-Nickel in Offshore and Other Marine Applications. UK Corrosion and Eurocorr '94 Oct 1994 Bournemouth UK S
- Efird and Anderson.. Sea water Corrosion Resistance of 70-10 and 70-30 Copper nickel-14 year Exposures. Material Performance, November 1975.
- K. D. Efird ,The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Metals in Seawater, Materials Performance, Vol 15, No 4, pp 16-25, April 1976.
- C.A.Powell .Corrosion and Biofouling Protection of Ship Hulls Using Copper-Nickel. Proceedings of International Conference on Marine Corrosion Prevention-A Re-appraisal for the next decade.. Oct 1994. London. Royal Institute of Naval Architects
- L.Boulton, C.A. Powell, WB Hudson. Aspects and Biofouling and Corrosion on Ship Hulls Clad with Copper-Nickel. Corrosion and Prevention-99. Nov 1999. Sydney
- CDA Inc Publication 704/5 Design Guide: Copper Alloys Mesh in Marine Aquaculture
- C.A. Powell.Corrosion and Biofouling of 90-10 Copper Nickel. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004
- E. Kurt Albaugh Copper nickel piping reduces costs, biofouling/corrosion (704/4) November 1984 World Oil.
- S. Campbell, R. Fletcher and C. Powell Long-term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials. The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. July 2004. Southampton,UK
Aquaculture
- Alloys in Aquaculture-Wikipedia article
- Design Guide. Copper Alloy Mesh in Marine Aquaculture. INCRA Publication. 1984
- Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys used in Marine Aquaculture. H. Stillman and C.Powell. ICA. 2009
- Copper Alloys in Marine Aquaculture
- CDA UK Webcast: Innovation in Aquaculture Cages using Copper based Alloys. Hal Stillman and Carol Powell. 2010
Boat Hulls
- Corrosion and Biofouling Protection of Ship Hulls Using Copper-Nickel. Proceedings of International Conference on Marine Corrosion Prevention-A Re-appraisal for the next decade. C.A.Powell. Oct 1994. London. Royal Institute of Naval Architects
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review,C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 (©NACE)
- J.L. Manzolillo, EW. Thiele and A.H. Tuthill, CA 706 Copper Nickel Alloy Hulls: The Copper Mariners Experience and Economics. Monzolillo, Thiele and Tuthill. Trans. Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Journal, 84 (1976)
- E. Schorsch, R.T. Bicicchi and J.W. Fu, Hull Experiments on 24-Knot RO/RO Vessels Directed Toward Fuel-Saving Applications of Copper-Nickel, Trans. SNAME 86 (1978)
- Copper-Nickel Sheathing Costing Study-Phase 3. MA-RD Report 770 87026. US Dept of Transportation. August 1987.
- P. Drodten and H. Pircher, Behavior of CuNi10FelMn-Clad Ship Plates in Seawater," Werkstoffe und Korrosion, 41(1990) pp 59-64
- T Glover, Copper-nickel Alloys for the Construction of Ship and Boat Hulls. Br. Corros J. Vol 17 No 4. (1982)
- Copper nickel Sheathing Study-Phase II. Two year Service performance of test Panels on Arco Texas US Dept. of Transportation Maritime Administration, Contract MA-81-SAC-10074 May 1984
- L.Boulton, C.A. Powell, WB Hudson. Aspects and Biofouling and Corrosion on Ship Hulls Clad with Copper-Nickel. Corrosion and Prevention-99. Nov 1999. Sydney
- CDA, UK, publication 36 and German DKI Publication No. s..176, Use of Copper Nickel Cladding on Ship and Boat Hulls H. Pircher and B Ruhland and G. Sussek, 1985 (English and German)
- Copper Topics No 63 CDA Inc. New York
- Bruce Roberts-Goodson, Metal Boats. 1998 Published by Capall Bann Publishing, (UK) and Heron House( USA and Canada). ISBN 186163 031X. request copy from pcutler@nickelinstitute.org
- Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper Nickel. L. Boulton and C. Powell. pp. 73-87, In, Lewis, J.A. (ed.) (2001) 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, University of Melbourne, February 1999: Additional Papers. DSTO General Document DSTO-GD-0287. Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Australia
- Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003
- The Asperida, a Copper-Nickel Sailboat after More than Thirty Years in Seawater. Harold T. Michels and Kenneth P. Geremia. Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (©NACE). April 2005
- Asperida-Smooth Sailing. Nickel Magazine March 2005
Brake Tubing
- CDA Inc Publication A 8001-00/90 Copper Nickel Automotive Vehicle Brake Tubing
- CDA Inc Publication 8023-0009 Automotive Hydraulic Break Tubing: the case for 90-10 Copper nickel Tubing
Condensers and Heat Exchangers
- UK Ministry of Defence Standard 02-781 Issue 2-Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea water systems. May 2009
- Review of BNF Studies of the Effect of Chlorine and Pollutants on the Corrosion of Copper Alloy Condenser Tubes. R. Francis and H. Campbell. EFC Marine Corrosion Workshop, Eurocorr 2008.
- Lt G.J.E. Nicklin RN, MoD, UK. Living with the Threat of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Submarine Sea Water Systems-the Royal Navy Perspective.© British Crown Copyright 2008/MOD 9th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2008) April 2008 Hamburg.
- L. Berthagen. The Use of Cathodic Portection for Copper Alloys in Seawater Cooling Systems, Eurocorr 2001 Marine Corrosion Working Party Meeting.
- Passivity breakdown and Repassivation of 70/30 CuNi in Descaling Agents for Cleaning of Seawater Heat Exchangers. E. Lemieux, T.M Wolejsza, A.M. Grolleau NACE Corrosion 2002.Paper 02210
- Evaluation of a Phosphoric Acid Based Descaling Solvent for Shipboard Cleaning of Seawater Heat Exchangers. T.W Wolejsza, E.J. Lemieux, K.E.Lucas. NACE Corrosion 2003 Paper 03261
- The Effect of Decaying Marine Organisms on the Corrosion of Copper Nickel Alloys in Sea Water. D.R.Lenard. NACE Corrosion 2002 Paper 02185
- M.Jasner et al Heat Exchanger and Piping Systems from Copper Alloy- Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown. KME publication 1998
- W. Kirk and A. Tuthill. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Copper Nickel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Systems.
- R. Francis. Hot Spot Corrosion in Condenser Tubes: its causes and prevention. Br. Corros. J. Vol 22 No 3. (1987)
- B.C.Syrett, Sulfide Attack in Steam Surface Condensers. Proceedings of Second Int. Conf. On Environmental Degradation of Engineering. Materials in an Aggressive Environments pp 3-14 (1981)
- Michels, Kirk and Tuthill and The Influence of Corrosion and Fouling on Steam Condenser Performance.. J. Materials for Energy Systems. ASM. Vol.1 Dec 1979
- T.S.Lee. Pre-treatment of Condenser Tubing for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance INCRA Project 284 Final Report Jan 1985
- Literature review on the Effects on Aquatic Environments of Copper in Cooling Water from Copper Alloy Condensers. HydroQual Inc April 1998
- E.Shone and G. Grim. 25 years Experience with Seawater Cooled Heat Exchange Equipment in the Shell Fleets. Trans I Mar E Vol 98. Paper 11
- H. Hack and T. Lee. The Effect of Ferrous Sulphate on Sulfide Induced Corrosion of Copper Base Condenser Alloys in Aerated Seawater. Second Symposium of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. Proceedings. Material and Metalworking technical Series. ASM 1982
- David Hibbard. Copper Alloy Surface Condenser Tube Application and Service Considerations. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- William Sartor Care and Maintenance of Copper Alloy Tubed Condensers-Construction Through Early Life. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- Louis Caruso Effect of Condenser Design on Tube Performance. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- D.B. Anderson. The Role of Corrosion and Fouling in Steam Condensers. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- Carl Gaffoglio Tube/Tubesheet Joining. CDA Heat Exchange Seminar 1981
- George Anderson. Effects of the Condensate Side Environment on Copper Alloy Condenser Tube. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- Eugene Thiele. Copper Alloys for Seawater Intake Piping Can Lower Power Plant Operating Cost. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- Tube ordering Information-Specification and Mill Quality Control. CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar 1981
- Light Wall Copper Nickel Condenser Tube CDA Inc Technical Report 1973
- NiDI Publication 375 - COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS FOR FEEDWATER HEATER SERVICE (1965)
- NiDI Publication 14021 - ALLOY 400 FOR USE IN HIGH PRESSURE FEEDWATER HEATERS (1993)
- C. Pearson. Role of Iron in the Inhibition of Corrosion of Marine Heat Exchangers. British Corrosion Journal. March 1972. Vol 7; p61-68
- W.E. Helliwell and G.A. Anderson. Firewall(22BWG) 90-10 and 70-30 Cu-Ni Condenser Tube Use at the Hennepin Energy Resource Company Power Plant. PWR-Vol 30 1996. Joint Power Generation Conference Vol 2 ASME. 1996
- Carl J. Gaffoglio.A New Copper nickel Alloy for Utility Condenser Tubes. Power Engineering. 1982, p 60-62
- Wolverine Engineering Data Book II
- Wolverine Engineering Data Book III S
- S. Sato and K. Nagata. Factors Affecting Corrosion and Fouling of Condenser Tubes of Copper Alloys and Titanium. Sumitomo Light Metal Technical Reports Vol 19 No 3 July 1978
Desalination
- J.W.Oldfield and B. Todd. A Review of Materials and Corrosion in Desalination-Key Factors for Plant Reliability. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences. Abu Dhabi. (1995)
- Tuthill, B. Todd, J. Oldfield. Experience with Copper Nickel Alloy Tubing, Water boxes and Piping in MSF Desalination Plants. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Paper No 73. Vol. III p251. Madrid. October 1997
- B. Todd. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Copper Nickel Alloys in Desalination Systems
- E.H.Newton and J.D. Birkett Survey of Materials Behaviour in Multi-Stage Flash Distillation Plants A.D.Little and Co. Cambridge MA August 1968
- E.H.Newton , J.D. Birkett and J.M Ketteringham Survey of Materials in large Desalting plants around the world. A.D.Little and Co. Cambridge MA March 1972
- P.F.George. Copper Alloys in the Desalting Environment. 1970-1973 Dow Chemical Company, Texas Division, Freeport USA for CDA Inc
- E.H.Newton and J.D. Birkett Survey of Service Behaviour for Large Evaporative Desalting Plants. A.D.Little and Co. Cambridge MA April 1981
- J.W. Oldfield and B. Todd, Environmental Aspects of Corrosion in MSF and RO Desalination Plants. Desalination 108 (1996) 27-36 Published by Elsevier Science BV
Offshore Sheathing
- Osna 10 Copper Nickel Sheathing on Offshore Structures. KME Germany 2010
- C. Powell, W. Schleich, VAD Souza. Evaluation of Copper-Nickel as a Sheathing Material for Hot Riser Protection on Offshore Platforms. Paper 1335 Eurocorr 2007
- C.Powell and H.Michels. Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure. Eurocorr 2006. Maastricht
- Jordan D.E., Powell C.A.., Fabrication of Copper-Nickel Alloys for Offshore Applications. Proc. International Conference on Welding in Maritime Engineering, Croatian Welding Society and SLV Munchen GMbH.October 22-24, 1998, KrK, Croatia, 171-181
- D.T.Peters,H.T. Michels, C.A.Powell. Metallic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Marine Structures. International Workshop on Control for Marine Structures and Pipelines, Galveston, Texas. February 1999
- C.A.Powell. Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance of Copper-Nickel in Offshore and Other Marine Applications. UK Corrosion and Eurocorr '94 Oct 1994 Bournemouth UK
- C.A. Powell. D.T Peters. Copper Alloys for Marine Construction. Presented at International Workshop on Advanced Materials for Marine Construction. Feb 5-7 1997, New Orleans
- E.V. Creamer, Splash Zone Protection of Marine Structures, Offshore Technology Conference, Paper No. 1274, Houston, Texas, 1970
- W.W. Kirk, Metallic Sheathing for Protection of Steel in Seawater, Materials Performance, 26 9 (1987) pp 23-28
- R.W. Ross, Jr. and D.B. Anderson, Protection of Steel Piling in Marine Splash and Spray Zones, - The Metallic Sheathing Concept, Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Antibes, France, June 1976, pp 461-473
- H. Arup, Cathodic Current Demand of Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling, Danish Corrosion Centre, INCRA Project No. 371
- J.A. Ellor & G.A. Gehring, Jr., Galvanic Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Sheathed Steel Piling, Ocean City Research Corp., INCRA Project No. 368. March 1987
- S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Thirteen Year Results of Long-Term Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling Studies, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 358, June 1998
- S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Splash Zinc Corrosion of C70600 After Ten Years Exposure in an Oceanfront Environment, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 399, June, 1998
- CDA UK Publication 37 and German DKI publication No. s 202. Copper Nickel Cladding for Offshore Structures. 1986 (English and German) available www.cda.org.uk
- W.R. Barger, L.D. Downer, J.E. Brown and T.R. Gaul, Economic Evaluation - Use of Copper-Nickel Alloy for Sheathing of Offshore Structures, Exxon Production Research Company, INCRA Project No. 359, September 1984, pp 21-41
- R. Carruthers, The Use of 90/10 Copper-Nickel Alloy as a Splash Zone Cladding, Paper 6, Proceedings of CDA Conference on Copper-Alloys in Marine Environments, (Birmingham, England) April 1985
- R.F. Engel & J.P. Ray,Bio-Shield: Update on a Successful Anti-Fouling System for Offshore Platforms, Paper from Marine Engineering With Copper-Nickel, Institute of Metals Conference Proceedings, London, April 19-20, 1988
- R.A. Perkins and D.L. Marsh, Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Final Report on INCRA Project 376, August 1990
- K.E.J. Miller, Copper-Nickel Composites for Long-Term Anti-Fouling: A Review of Recent Applications, Proceedings of the Conference on Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, p. 95 (London, England: The Institute of Metals, 1988)
- J.W. Brockbank, Avonclad-a Flexible Neoprene/Copper-Nickel Material for Long Term Antifouling; a Review of Manufacturing, Tests and Recent Installations, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London, Published Institute of Materials, April 1988
- D. Peters. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Review of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing of Ship Hulls and Offshore Structures 1992
- CDA Publication 37 Copper Nickel Cladding for Offshore Structures
- Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003
- C.A. Powell.Corrosion and Biofouling of 90-10 Copper Nickel. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004
- S. Campbell, R. Fletcher and C. Powell Long-term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials. The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. July 2004. Southampton,UK
Seawater Pipework
- UK Ministry of Defence Standard 02-781 Issue 2-Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea water systems. May 2009
- The Design and Installation of 90-10 Copper nickel sea water Piping Systems. Nickel Development Institute. Publication 1107
- G. Wildsmith, Copper nickel seawater Piping Systems. Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London. Institute of Materials, pp 65-71(1988)
- Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckmann. KME Publication. Osnabruck. The Behaviour of CuNi 90/10 vs 6Mo Superaustenitic and Superduplex Steels in Marine Environments (2000)
- B. Todd and P.A.Lovett , Selection of Materials for Seawater Systems. Institute of Marine Engineers Publication. UK
- Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckman, Heat Exchangers and Piping Systems from Copper Alloys - Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown, published by KME 1998
- British Standard BS MA 18. Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships
- B. Todd. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Material Selection for High Reliability Sea Water Systems
- CDA UK Publication 38 and German DKI publication No. s 203. Materials for Seawater Pipeline Systems. 1986 (In English and German)
- Copper Nickel Piping for Offshore Platforms, CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 708/5
- CDA Inc Publication 704/4. Copper nickel Piping reduces Costs, Biofouling, Corrosion
- Jasner and K Steinkamp. Copper Nickel 90-10; the optimum Piping Material for Sea Water Service. Rio Oil and Gas 2000, October 2000
- CuNi 90/10 Piping, the Optimum Material for Sea water Service.W. Beckmann, M Hecht, .M.Jasner, K.Steinkemp. Institute of Materials, Kuala Lumpur. Fabrication Technology. Corrosion 2001. October 2001. Available as KME Publication.
- W Schleich.Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004.
- E. Kurt Albaugh Copper nickel piping reduces costs, biofouling/corrosion (704/4) November 1984 World Oil.
- W.Schleich. Application of Copper-Nickel Alloy UNS C70600 for Seawater Service. Paper 5222 Corrosion 2005. (©NACE)
- Caroll McCormick. Thunder Horse.Nickel Magazine Article. July 2005
Coinage
- www.copperinfo.co.uk/coins
- www.nickelinstitute.org
- www.copperinfo.com/cproducts/consumer.coins.lands.html
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