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General Properties
Back to Top Fabrication
R.E. Avery. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.-Joining Copper Nickel Alloys 1992 Copper-Nickel Fabrication: handling, welding, properties, resistance to corrosion and biofouling, important applications. Published by CDA Inc. as A7020-XX/99. NiDI as Publication No. 12014 and CDA UK as Publication No 139 Machining Brass, Copper and its Alloys. CDA Publication TN 44 Fabrication of Copper Nickel Pipework. KME Publication M. Jasner, Brazil March 1997 CDA Inc Application Data Sheet.Welding Copper-Nickel Clad Steel CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 701/5.. Brazed Copper Nickel Piping Systems German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no. i.3. Soldering and brazing of Copper and Copper Alloys. (Loeten von Kupfer and Kupferlegierungen). (In German.) German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no i.12 . Welding of Copper Alloys (Schweissen von Kupferlegierungen). (In German) German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no i.18. Guide values for machining copper and copper alloys. (Richwerte fuer die spanende bearbeitung von Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen) (In German) C.D.S Tuck, High Strength Copper Nickels, Langley Alloys, UK, 2005 Back to Top
Corrosion
Corrosion General
S. Friedrich and M.Langer. Ways towards an accelerated formation of protective layers on CuNi 90/10 in artificial seawater. Paper 1089. Eurocorr 2007. Freiburg. H. Le Guyader, A.M.Grolleau and V.Debout. Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys in Natural Seawater and Polluted Seawater. Paper 1264 Eurocorr 2007. Freiburg. W. Schleich, R. Feser and W Siedlarek. Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper Nickel Alloy CuNi 90/10 in Chlorinated Seawater Under Stagnating Conditions. Paper 7261 Corrosion 2007 ( NACE) C.A. Powell Copper Nickel Alloys-Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems 1992 C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 ( NACE) M.S. Parvizi, A. Aladjem and J.E. Castle, "Behavior of 90-10 Cupronickel in Sea Water,' International Material Reviews, 33 4 (1988) pp 164-199 K.D. Efird and D. Anderson, Seawater Corrosion of 90-10 and 70-30 Copper Nickel Alloys - 14 Year Exposure, Materials Performance, (141) (1975) W.W. Kirk, T.S. Lee and R.O. Lewis, Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments, Paper 16, April 1985 A.H. Tuthill, Guidelines for the Use of Copper Alloys in Seawater, Materials Performance, 26 9 (1987) pp 12-22.(CDA Inc Publication 788/8 and Nickel Development Institute Publication12003) P.T. Gilbert, Corrosion Resisting Properties of 90/10 Copper-Nickel-Iron Alloys with Particular Reference to Offshore Oil and Gas Applications, British Corrosion Journal, 14 1 (1979) pp 20-25 G. Wildsmith, Copper Nickel Sea water Piping Systems. Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel London. Institute of Materials, pp 65-71(1988) M. Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckmann. KME Publication. Osnabruck. The Behaviour of CuNi 90/10 vs 6Mo Superaustenitic and Superduplex Steels in Marine Environments (2000) K.D.Efird, The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Materials in Sea water. NACE Corrosion 75( 1975) R.W.Ross The effect of sea water Composition on corrosion of Cu-Ni-Fe alloys at Elevated Temperatures. Corrosion 77. NACE. Paper No. 94. San Francisco, March 1977 German Copper Institute Booklet. DKI Publication no s. 176. Corrosion properties of copper materials. ( Grubndlegende korrosionschemische Eigenschaften von Kupferwerkstoffen) (In German) R. Francis. Galvanic Corrosion. A Practical Guide for Engineers. Published by NACE International. 2001 C.D.S Tuck, High Strength Copper Nickels, Langley Alloys, UK, 2005 C. Pearson. Role of Iron in the Inhibition of Corrosion of Marine Heat Exchangers. British Corrosion Journal. March 1972. Vol 7; p61-68 W Schleich.Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004 . W.Schleich. Application of Copper-Nickel Alloy UNS C70600 for Seawater Service. Paper 5222 Corrosion 2005. ( NACE) C.D.S. Tuck. The Development of Very High Strength Copper Alloys with Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking. Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas.( NACE) April 2005
Corrosion - Velocity Effects
Corrosion - Localised
Corrosion - Sulfides
Corrosion - Ammonia
Corrosion - Sand
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C.Powell and H.Michels. Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure. Eurocorr 2006. Maastricht Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003 CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Copper Nickel Alloys; Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling 1992 W.W. Kirk, T.S. Lee and R.O. Lewis, Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments, Paper 16, April 1985 Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review,C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 ( NACE) R.A. Perkins and D.L. Marsh, Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Final Report on INCRA Project 376, August 1990 K.E.J. Miller, Copper-Nickel Composites for Long-Term Anti-Fouling: A Review of Recent Applications, Proceedings of the Conference on Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, p. 95 (London, England: The Institute of Metals, 1988) . J.W. Brockbank, Avonclad-a Flexible Neoprene/Copper-Nickel Material for Long Term Antifouling; a Review of Manufacturing, Tests and Recent Installations, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London, Published Institute of Materials, April 1988 . S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Thirteen Year Results of Long-Term Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling Studies, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 358, June 1998 S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Splash Zone Corrosion of C70600 After Ten Years Exposure in an Oceanfront Environment, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 399, June, 1998 CDA Publication 157. Preventing Biofouling with Copper Nickel.2002 C.A. Powell. Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance of Copper-Nickel in Offshore and Other Marine Applications. UK Corrosion and Eurocorr '94 Oct 1994 Bournemouth UK S
Efird and Anderson.. Sea water Corrosion Resistance of 70-10 and 70-30 Copper nickel-14 year Exposures. Material Performance, November 1975 . K.D.Efird The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Materials in Sea water., NACE Corrosion 75( 1975) C.A.Powell .Corrosion and Biofouling Protection of Ship Hulls Using Copper-Nickel. Proceedings of International Conference on Marine Corrosion Prevention-A Re-appraisal for the next decade.. Oct 1994. London. Royal Institute of Naval Architects L.Boulton, C.A. Powell, WB Hudson. Aspects and Biofouling and Corrosion on Ship Hulls Clad with Copper-Nickel. Corrosion and Prevention-99. Nov 1999. Sydney CDA Inc Publication 704/5 Design Guide: Copper Alloys Mesh in Marine Aquaculture C.A. Powell.Corrosion and Biofouling of 90-10 Copper Nickel. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004 E. Kurt Albaugh Copper nickel piping reduces costs, biofouling/corrosion (704/4) November 1984 World Oil . S. Campbell, R. Fletcher and C. Powell Long-term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials. The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. July 2004. Southampton,UK Back to Top
Boat Hulls
Corrosion and Biofouling Protection of Ship Hulls Using Copper-Nickel. Proceedings of International Conference on Marine Corrosion Prevention-A Re-appraisal for the next decade. C.A.Powell. Oct 1994. London. Royal Institute of Naval Architects Copper-Nickel Alloys for seawater corrosion resistance and antifouling - a state of the art review,C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, Corrosion 2000, NACE March 2000 ( NACE) J.L. Manzolillo, EW. Thiele and A.H. Tuthill, CA 706 Copper Nickel Alloy Hulls: The Copper Mariners Experience and Economics. Monzolillo, Thiele and Tuthill. Trans. Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Journal, 84 (1976) E. Schorsch, R.T. Bicicchi and J.W. Fu, Hull Experiments on 24-Knot RO/RO Vessels Directed Toward Fuel-Saving Applications of Copper-Nickel, Trans. SNAME 86 (1978) Copper-Nickel Sheathing Costing Study-Phase 3. MA-RD Report 770 87026. US Dept of Transportation. August 1987 . P. Drodten and H. Pircher, Behavior of CuNi10FelMn-Clad Ship Plates in Seawater," Werkstoffe und Korrosion, 41(1990) pp 59-64 T Glover, Copper-nickel Alloys for the Construction of Ship and Boat Hulls. Br. Corros J. Vol 17 No 4. (1982) Copper nickel Sheathing Study-Phase II. Two year Service performance of test Panels on Arco Texas US Dept. of Transportation Maritime Administration, Contract MA-81-SAC-10074 May 1984 L.Boulton, C.A. Powell, WB Hudson. Aspects and Biofouling and Corrosion on Ship Hulls Clad with Copper-Nickel. Corrosion and Prevention-99. Nov 1999. Sydney CDA, UK, publication 36 and German DKI Publication No. s..176, Use of Copper Nickel Cladding on Ship and Boat Hulls H. Pircher and B Ruhland and G. Sussek, 1985 (English and German) Copper Topics No 63 CDA Inc. New York Bruce Roberts-Goodson, Metal Boats. 1998 Published by Capall Bann Publishing, (UK) and Heron House( USA and Canada). ISBN 186163 031X. request copy from pcutler@nickelinstitute.org Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper Nickel. L. Boulton and C. Powell. pp. 73-87, In, Lewis, J.A. (ed.) (2001) 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, University of Melbourne, February 1999: Additional Papers. DSTO General Document DSTO-GD-0287. Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Australia Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003 The Asperida, a Copper-Nickel Sailboat after More than Thirty Years in Seawater. Harold T. Michels and Kenneth P. Geremia. Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (©NACE). April 2005 Asperida-Smooth Sailing. Nickel Magazine March 2005 Back to Top
Brake Tubing
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Condensers and Heat Exchangers
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Desalination
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Offshore Sheathing
C. Powell, W. Schleich, VAD Souza. Evaluation of Copper-Nickel as a Sheathing Material for Hot Riser Protection on Offshore Platforms. Paper 1335 Eurocorr 2007 C.Powell and H.Michels. Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure. Eurocorr 2006. Maastricht Jordan D.E., Powell C.A.., Fabrication of Copper-Nickel Alloys for Offshore Applications. Proc. International Conference on Welding in Maritime Engineering, Croatian Welding Society and SLV Munchen GMbH.October 22-24, 1998, KrK, Croatia, 171-181 D.T.Peters,H.T. Michels, C.A.Powell. Metallic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Marine Structures. International Workshop on Control for Marine Structures and Pipelines, Galveston, Texas. February 1999 C.A.Powell. Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance of Copper-Nickel in Offshore and Other Marine Applications. UK Corrosion and Eurocorr '94 Oct 1994 Bournemouth UK C.A. Powell. D.T Peters. Copper Alloys for Marine Construction. Presented at International Workshop on Advanced Materials for Marine Construction. Feb 5-7 1997, New Orleans E.V. Creamer, Splash Zone Protection of Marine Structures, Offshore Technology Conference, Paper No. 1274, Houston, Texas, 1970 W.W. Kirk, Metallic Sheathing for Protection of Steel in Seawater, Materials Performance, 26 9 (1987) pp 23-28 R.W. Ross, Jr. and D.B. Anderson, Protection of Steel Piling in Marine Splash and Spray Zones, - The Metallic Sheathing Concept, Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Antibes, France, June 1976, pp 461-473 H. Arup, Cathodic Current Demand of Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling, Danish Corrosion Centre, INCRA Project No. 371 J.A. Ellor & G.A. Gehring, Jr., Galvanic Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Sheathed Steel Piling, Ocean City Research Corp., INCRA Project No. 368. March 1987 S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Thirteen Year Results of Long-Term Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling Studies, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 358, June 1998 S.J. Pikul and B.S. Phull, Splash Zinc Corrosion of C70600 After Ten Years Exposure in an Oceanfront Environment, Annual Report, ICA Project No. 399, June, 1998 CDA UK Publication 37 and German DKI publication No. s 202. Copper Nickel Cladding for Offshore Structures. 1986 (English and German) available www.cda.org.uk W.R. Barger, L.D. Downer, J.E. Brown and T.R. Gaul, Economic Evaluation - Use of Copper-Nickel Alloy for Sheathing of Offshore Structures, Exxon Production Research Company, INCRA Project No. 359, September 1984, pp 21-41 R. Carruthers, The Use of 90/10 Copper-Nickel Alloy as a Splash Zone Cladding, Paper 6, Proceedings of CDA Conference on Copper-Alloys in Marine Environments, (Birmingham, England) April 1985 R.F. Engel & J.P. Ray,Bio-Shield: Update on a Successful Anti-Fouling System for Offshore Platforms, Paper from Marine Engineering With Copper-Nickel, Institute of Metals Conference Proceedings, London, April 19-20, 1988 R.A. Perkins and D.L. Marsh, Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Final Report on INCRA Project 376, August 1990 K.E.J. Miller, Copper-Nickel Composites for Long-Term Anti-Fouling: A Review of Recent Applications, Proceedings of the Conference on Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, p. 95 (London, England: The Institute of Metals, 1988) J.W. Brockbank, Avonclad-a Flexible Neoprene/Copper-Nickel Material for Long Term Antifouling; a Review of Manufacturing, Tests and Recent Installations, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London, Published Institute of Materials, April 1988 D. Peters. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Review of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing of Ship Hulls and Offshore Structures 1992 CDA Publication 37 Copper Nickel Cladding for Offshore Structures Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel - Basics and Experience. W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp. Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht. November 2003 C.A. Powell.Corrosion and Biofouling of 90-10 Copper Nickel. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004 S. Campbell, R. Fletcher and C. Powell Long-term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials. The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. July 2004. Southampton,UK Back to Top
Seawater Pipework
The Design and Installation of 90-10 Copper nickel sea water Piping Systems. Nickel Development Institute. Publication 1107 G. Wildsmith, Copper nickel seawater Piping Systems. Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel, London. Institute of Materials, pp 65-71(1988) Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckmann. KME Publication. Osnabruck. The Behaviour of CuNi 90/10 vs 6Mo Superaustenitic and Superduplex Steels in Marine Environments (2000) B. Todd and P.A.Lovett , Selection of Materials for Seawater Systems. Institute of Marine Engineers Publication. UK Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckman, Heat Exchangers and Piping Systems from Copper Alloys - Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown, published by KME 1998 British Standard BS MA 18. Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships B. Todd. CDA Inc Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Material Selection for High Reliability Sea Water Systems CDA UK Publication 38 and German DKI publication No. s 203. Materials for Seawater Pipeline Systems. 1986 (In English and German) Copper Nickel Piping for Offshore Platforms, CDA Inc Application Data Sheet 708/5 CDA Inc Publication 704/4. Copper nickel Piping reduces Costs, Biofouling, Corrosion Jasner and K Steinkamp. Copper Nickel 90-10; the optimum Piping Material for Sea Water Service. Rio Oil and Gas 2000, October 2000 CuNi 90/10 Piping, the Optimum Material for Sea water Service.W. Beckmann, M Hecht, .M.Jasner, K.Steinkemp. Institute of Materials, Kuala Lumpur. Fabrication Technology. Corrosion 2001. October 2001. Available as KME Publication . W Schleich.Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them. Eurocorr 2004, NICE, September 2004 . E. Kurt Albaugh Copper nickel piping reduces costs, biofouling/corrosion (704/4) November 1984 World Oil . W.Schleich. Application of Copper-Nickel Alloy UNS C70600 for Seawater Service. Paper 5222 Corrosion 2005. ( NACE) Caroll McCormick. Thunder Horse.Nickel Magazine Article. July 2005 Back to Top
Coinage
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Highlights
Useful Resources
